Currency:
The coin is a piece of a resilient material, usually metal coined in a disk, used as a measure of exchange (money) for legal or intrinsic value and unit of account. Also called currency to the lawful currency of a State. The science is called Numismatics coins.
The coin is a piece of a resilient material, usually metal coined in a disk, used as a measure of exchange (money) for legal or intrinsic value and unit of account. Also called currency to the lawful currency of a State. The science is called Numismatics coins.
Barter
these goods as payment was found that practices were not as many were perishable, and were difficult to accumulate. As solutions soon were replaced by objects or materials made of precious metals. These precious metals took many forms depending on location, for example blocks (slabs), rings, plates, powder, knives, knives, and for practical reasons of uniformity and circular shape was adopted in the form of discs of different sizes, but easily transportable First coin
The first coins were minted in an official capacity in Lydia (now Turkey), a town in Asia Minor, roughly between 680 and 560 BC C. It was probably during the reign of Ardis Lydia when the Lydians began minting coins, although some numismatists have proposed earlier or later, as the reign of Gyges of Lydia Croesus or "opulent.” The semints are like a lion heraldic symbol representing the dynasty to which they belonged Mermnada kings. The piece was minted in electro (natural alloy of gold and silver) and a weight of 4.75 grams and a value of one third of Stater.
these goods as payment was found that practices were not as many were perishable, and were difficult to accumulate. As solutions soon were replaced by objects or materials made of precious metals. These precious metals took many forms depending on location, for example blocks (slabs), rings, plates, powder, knives, knives, and for practical reasons of uniformity and circular shape was adopted in the form of discs of different sizes, but easily transportable First coin
The first coins were minted in an official capacity in Lydia (now Turkey), a town in Asia Minor, roughly between 680 and 560 BC C. It was probably during the reign of Ardis Lydia when the Lydians began minting coins, although some numismatists have proposed earlier or later, as the reign of Gyges of Lydia Croesus or "opulent.” The semints are like a lion heraldic symbol representing the dynasty to which they belonged Mermnada kings. The piece was minted in electro (natural alloy of gold and silver) and a weight of 4.75 grams and a value of one third of Stater.
In Mohenjodaro, now in Pakistan, have found coins dating from 2900 a. C. The American historian Will Durant says that "coins have been found older than the Lydian Croesus (570-546 BC) in Mohenjo-daro, circa 2900 BC.” He adds that "Sennacheribking of Assyria (c. 700 BC) minted half-shekel.”
In China, the region of the ancient kingdom of Mexamerica in 1979 and 1980 were discovered apparently some coins dating from the Mesolithic period, ie have been minted before the year 5000 a. c.
In China, the region of the ancient kingdom of Mexamerica in 1979 and 1980 were discovered apparently some coins dating from the Mesolithic period, ie have been minted before the year 5000 a. c.
History
As early as 1100 BCE circulating in China miniature bronze knives, axes and other tools used to replace real tools that served as a medium of exchange. The coins made with an alloy of gold and silver first appeared in the sixth century BC in the district of Lydia in Asia Minor, who was at that time a major industrial and commercial country. This money was genuinely material money whose value was determined by their content of precious metals. Coins proliferated rapidly in all developed countries of the world. Monarchs and aristocrats, cities and institutions began to mint money with your identification label to certify the authenticity of the cash value of the currency.
As early as 1100 BCE circulating in China miniature bronze knives, axes and other tools used to replace real tools that served as a medium of exchange. The coins made with an alloy of gold and silver first appeared in the sixth century BC in the district of Lydia in Asia Minor, who was at that time a major industrial and commercial country. This money was genuinely material money whose value was determined by their content of precious metals. Coins proliferated rapidly in all developed countries of the world. Monarchs and aristocrats, cities and institutions began to mint money with your identification label to certify the authenticity of the cash value of the currency.
Some of the earliest coins were very stable composition, as is the case of the drachma issued in Athens in the sixth century BC, containing around 65-67 grams of pure silver, round or China's currency, "qian "Copper, which appeared in the fourth century and which remained the official currency for two thousand years. However, the coins always limaban or trimmed to get the precious metal contained at the authorities that issued them were tempted to lower the minting ensuring short-term benefits by reducing the precious metal content. Low-quality coins made of bronze or copper were, in fact fiat money whose value depended mainly on the number of coins of gold or copper which could be exchanged. The gold and silver coins used to travel outside the country that issued as its intrinsic value, so the Spanish silver peso, whose material came from the mines of Peru and Mexico, became a commonly used currency in China From the sixteenth century.
Once created, the coins originated a monetary system whose features have remainedessentially constant for millennia, one of the changes it has endured was the introduction in the XVII century European currencies, the grooves on the edges to avoid limasen. Paper money was first introduced in China around the ninth century; as cash exchanged for certificates issued to the government of the Tang Dynasty by private banks. Backed by the powerful Chinese state authority, the money retained its value throughout the empire, thus avoiding the need to transport the heavy silver. Become a state monopoly under the Song Dynasty, paper currency has survived throughout China's history despite the disruption caused by political changes and that the issuance of paper money not backed or silver or other reservations. The problem of depreciation made, thereafter, be maintained as standard silver Chinese exchange for important transactions. Paper money first appeared in the West in the sixteenth century, when it began to issue notes by the banks to support the monetary deposits of their customers.This change means proliferated and the French colonial authorities of Canada used playing cards signed by the governor promise to pay since 1685, since the sending of money from France was very slow.
Paper money was becoming popular throughout the eighteenth century, but was still money to be issued credit to back the deposits of gold or silver. Fiat money, when it arose, was usually an emergency measure for wartime, as the papyrus (greenback) Americans. Private Banks were gradually replaced by central banks as issuers of paper money. In the late nineteenth century the value of gold fall brought about the creation of an international gold standard in which all currencies could be exchanged for gold and the value of money (rather than price) was fixed by the parity of the currency in gold. Almost every government suspended the convertibility of their currencies during World War I, lost all interest in re-entering the international gold standard after the Great Depression. Britain abandoned the gold standard in 1931 andthe transformation of the global fiat currency with values set entirely by market demand resulted in the abandonment of U.S. dollar link in 1971.
Paper money was becoming popular throughout the eighteenth century, but was still money to be issued credit to back the deposits of gold or silver. Fiat money, when it arose, was usually an emergency measure for wartime, as the papyrus (greenback) Americans. Private Banks were gradually replaced by central banks as issuers of paper money. In the late nineteenth century the value of gold fall brought about the creation of an international gold standard in which all currencies could be exchanged for gold and the value of money (rather than price) was fixed by the parity of the currency in gold. Almost every government suspended the convertibility of their currencies during World War I, lost all interest in re-entering the international gold standard after the Great Depression. Britain abandoned the gold standard in 1931 andthe transformation of the global fiat currency with values set entirely by market demand resulted in the abandonment of U.S. dollar link in 1971.
Name of currencies
the coins take their names from various sources.
the coins take their names from various sources.
1.The author, for example, CRESI stater of Croesus, the dáricos, medals Persian Darius, the Philippi, Philip of Macedonia. Similarly, mention the Filippeos the Antonines, Aurelian, valerian, Constantinos, etc., as the latest Plush, Louis, Pugs, Julius
2.of the image are printed: bos, or owl noctua, currency Athenian testudo thePeloponnese; homéreos of Smyrna with the picture of Homer with the boat ratiti;victoriati the Roman with the image of victory bigati, quadrigati, the biga or chariot.And among the moderns, the columnarias, florins, ducats, the Ambrosino, shields.Cistóforos appear in magistrates or priests of Bacchus, Ceres, Proserpina with basket of Bacchus: this name came after carrying all types Bacchic and Eleusinian, wreaths of ivy, snakes in the basket or out and are also in some Roman families such as Antonia and Claudia
3. Site: Æginæi, the Aegina, etc., the same happens to the middle Ages Besants to Colombia and the Italian genovinas.
4. Mode of manufacture, v. gr. is seriously in high volume and weight; Serrati or ientati, those edges appearing squares. In this class there are many facts assuming family money to prevent counterfeiting. If so, why not chose the penny and the quinary? In addition, the kings of Syria made the cut copper coins; there are therefore no risks of forgery. Some judges have cut the coins of one type and not those of another cut. The oldest are from the year 564 of Rome, the most recent year 655
5. Weight as the drachma, the mite, the stater of the Greeks, the shekel of the Hebrews, the pond or the ace of the Romans and the modern book, taken from the old. Fort theGreek drachma was unity and called didrachma, tetradrachms, which were worth two or four drachmas. Was effective currency of Attica, Aegina, and Corinth, Egypt. The mites were the sixth of the coin; the silver stater amounted to tetra drachms. The mine, a hundred drachmas equal talent, equal to sixty mines were effective exchange
Coinage
After the experience of Lydia began minting coins in order of Darius of Persia, after the conquest of Lydia, in China and later in Greece, to be finally adopted by all peoples.
Its name comes from the Latin "moneta", because the house where they were mintedin Rome was attached to the temple of the goddess Juno Moneta Juno callers or, being this activity under their protection. In this place where is the minting of coins is known by the name of "mint" or "mint.”
After the experience of Lydia began minting coins in order of Darius of Persia, after the conquest of Lydia, in China and later in Greece, to be finally adopted by all peoples.
Its name comes from the Latin "moneta", because the house where they were mintedin Rome was attached to the temple of the goddess Juno Moneta Juno callers or, being this activity under their protection. In this place where is the minting of coins is known by the name of "mint" or "mint.”
Form of issue and its evolution
the earliest coins were small metal disks (it is called "blank") in which was printed by ablow to a die engraved (Seal) a mark on one side (front). These coins are called"incus" and are characterized because they have the same image on both sides: on are lief and the other at recess.
Time passes and no large changes in the coinage systems until it reaches the Renaissance, at which breakthroughs are achieved.
the earliest coins were small metal disks (it is called "blank") in which was printed by ablow to a die engraved (Seal) a mark on one side (front). These coins are called"incus" and are characterized because they have the same image on both sides: on are lief and the other at recess.
Time passes and no large changes in the coinage systems until it reaches the Renaissance, at which breakthroughs are achieved.
· Leonardo Da Vinci made studies on the manufacture of coins and tried to replace thehot hammered coins extracted from metal ingots by cutting flat metal disks, tape and prepared with the desired thickness. Met in a single machine, using special punches, both cutting and mint for the Mint Vatican.
· In 1553, a German engineer named Brücher designed two machines that came torevolutionize the manufacture of currency.
·
French press wheel, used by the Royal Mint of Spain in the nineteenth century.
The two machines were:
The two machines were:
· A rolling mill mill mill powered by a sheet metal getting a constant thickness when the ingot was repeatedly passed between two metal cylinders drive.
- A machine called a windlass or flyer press coined by the inertia of the flywheel had to move on the underside of the seal was fixed and the top was interchangeable.
After this period, no major change until the nineteenth century when in 1830 the Swiss engineer Jean Pierre Droz invented the game ferrule system, which was achieved by wedging the two sides of the coin at a time and singing.
The coinage of the song was a major factor and avoiding the theft of metal by means of cuts. As discussed above in ancient coins bore the stamp on both sides and the King assured the weight of the metal of the coin. The form of theft was to cut the flanges andthus raise the metal to be cut out of several coins to coin a new.
The coinage of the song was a major factor and avoiding the theft of metal by means of cuts. As discussed above in ancient coins bore the stamp on both sides and the King assured the weight of the metal of the coin. The form of theft was to cut the flanges andthus raise the metal to be cut out of several coins to coin a new.
Classification coins
the coins are subject to different classifications:
- Incus are those parts that have only raised one hand and the other a concave artisticor rude. The figure is globosa and report back a concave or Hollow Square which is then recorded perhaps highlighted symbols or images, others seem harsh and sometimes weight on the back is the same representation of the front, or something similar but concave. The first Asia and Greece belong to the latter Superior to all ofMagna Grecia remotest reputed date and believing that they stopped before half-century before J. V C. Of these coins are not brass or for cities to cease to exist before the introduction of the two reliefs. Must therefore be assumed after the silver with a double relief. Some appear so by neglect of the purse that she forgot to lift the pieceand coined, thus proving that the concave-convex, and with the same type on both sides.
- Refuse or resealed, called those in which the stamp was minted double default.Sometimes they have resealed for wanting to substitute a different impression, and because the prince was going quickly to the other, and designed to change its value or become a foreign country's currency. Almost the same genuses are countermarks to which was added after a stamp smaller than the type: this was done for those reasons or to devote to a temporary use to serve as the ticket of entry into certain shows.
- Refunds or restitution, are the currencies of a Roman emperor, struck by order of his successor. Trajan renewed often preceding types of Claudio Augusto and Galba perhaps as a sign of affection. Known by the letters REST, ignoring the real reason for this fact.
- Jacketed or bracteates are those in which the soul of bronze or lead is covered with a sheet of silver or gold, to falsify.
- Sausages those where you see the face of a medal and the back of another, foldedor welded together by forgers.
- Deleted, which have spent the coin. There are some whose type is not printed but at the center of a large circle, sometimes of gold, and have a ring for hanging. Others have an outline of the finest metal since been coined before, so that the type available to them.
- There are also gold in whole or in part, as the crown or the title, convex on one side and concave on the other by way of glass, particularly the Byzantine and middle Ages given name skiffs.
- Autonomous and regal. Autonomous are a town or city without indication coined subject to no king or other people. The cities and free nations put their name on them, as ΣTPA or ΣSTPAKOΣIOΣ or ΣTPAKOIΩN. Kings African National Sicily, the rest of Europe, not allowed to put more names than yours. In Rome, the consuls and time of Augustus, the judges reserved to those who could put their purses. The letters SC (Senates consultants) who are on copper coins of the imperial era, led to suspect that he coined was attribution of the Senate but others deny this and claim that it was just a sign to indicate they had been minted in Rome. The right to place his name on the medals is preserved in many regions even after subjected to Rome so that is not there any trace of attachment.
- Informal coins were titrated to a town or city witnessed its dependence on the king or emperor, their number seems to conclude with Gallienus.
- The royal are those that show the dependence. There are few European kings and forAfricans alone, while Asian kings abound, beginning with Alexander of Macedonia. However, many of the ancient Macedonian monarchs do not bear the title of head without BAΣAETΣ and it seems that the first to put his likeness on them were Gelon, Genon and other tyrants of Syracuse. The successors of Alexander put an effigy of him and perhaps also that of their ancestors.
Improperly placed between the contoured coins. Some mistake the double metal medallions, ie, outlined by a border of metal itself are thinner but bronze medals large module with a circular groove around the edge, where they are often blood. It is knownthat this groove was made later because sometimes cuts to enrollment. Is subtle and often awkward disagreeing the front of the back? They number incuse stamps, especially the palm branch and the monogram £ or R reverse, it is in recess and sometimes silver filling. There is no time: it seems that only minted by private authority and served for racing and circuses.
Functions of currencies
the functions of the currencies are closely related to the functions of money (which is what they represent) that are passed on to detail:
the functions of the currencies are closely related to the functions of money (which is what they represent) that are passed on to detail:
- A measure of value: a measure of value because the value of things can be represented by the units it represents.
- Instrument for direct purchase, as it allows acquisition of any asset in terms of its value.
- Instrument debt relief, because it has a full settlement of the same strength tobecome a legally recognized method of payment.
- Half of hoarding of wealth: you can treasure for future needs because it retains itsvalue indefinitely.
Currency as payment
the characteristics of the currency as payment, can be summarized as follows:
the characteristics of the currency as payment, can be summarized as follows:
- The great value it represents in relation to its weight and volume.
- Unanimous recognition as a means of payment to prevent judge of quality.
- Your separability that allows split its value in perpetuity.
The difficulty of counterfeiting that prevents the movement of a payment that is not properly controlled, since each country has adopted only one coin at a time.
Characteristics of the coins
The coin has a number of intrinsic characteristics that is important to know the purpose of being able to fix the relationship with other currencies that circulate both within the same state as in other countries.
* Materials used
* Title, fine or law
* League
* Foot
* the size
* Tolerance
* Shrinkage
* Value
* monetary Parity
The coin has a number of intrinsic characteristics that is important to know the purpose of being able to fix the relationship with other currencies that circulate both within the same state as in other countries.
* Materials used
* Title, fine or law
* League
* Foot
* the size
* Tolerance
* Shrinkage
* Value
* monetary Parity
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