Globalization

 It is an economic, technological, social and cultural scale, which is the increased communication and interdependence among countries of the world uniting their markets, societies and cultures, through a series of social, economic and political will give a global character. Globalization is often identified as a dynamic process mainly caused by the societies that live under democratic capitalism or liberal democracy and who have opened their doors to the information revolution, folding to a considerable degree of liberalization and democratization of its political culture, in its legal system and national economic and international relations.
This process originated in Western civilization that has spread around the world in the last decades of the Contemporary Age (second half of the twentieth century) received its greatest impetus with the fall of communism and the end of the Cold War, and continues century. The economy is characterized by the integration of local economies to a global market economy where the means of production and capital movements are configured on a global scale (New Economy) becoming more important the role of multinational corporations and the free movement capital together with the definitive implementation of the consumer society. The law also feeling the effects of globalization is the need to standardize and simplify procedures and national and international regulations to improve the competitiveness and legal certainty, in addition to universal recognition of fundamental rights of citizenship . In culture is characterized by a process that connects the local societies and cultures in a global culture (global village), in this respect there is divergence of views on whether it is a Western phenomenon of assimilation or multicultural fusion. As globalization depends on technological advances in human connectivity (transport and telecommunications) by facilitating the free movement of persons and the spread of ICTs and the Internet. At the ideological level and creeds and traditional collectivist values ​​and will cause widespread indifference gave way to individualism and cosmopolitanism of the open society. Meanwhile the governments are losing political powers to what has been called network society, activism increasingly revolves around social networking, has extended the transition to democracy against despotic regimes, and highlights public policies efforts to transition to capitalism in some of the former command economies and the transition from feudalism to capitalism in underdeveloped economies of some countries but with varying degrees of success. The world geopolitically unipolarity debate between the American superpower and the emergence of new regional powers, international relations and multilateralism and soft power mechanisms become more accepted by the international community. Positive or negative assessment of this phenomenon, including definitions and additional features to highlight the inclusion of some value judgments, may vary according to the ideology of the party. This is because the phenomenon of globalization has generated great enthusiasm in some sectors, while in others it has awakened a profound rejection (anti-globalization), having also eclectic and moderate positions.

HISTORY OF GLOBALIZATION:

Although the concept of globalization is very recent, the term has existed throughout history. Globalization begins to take further moves from the Industrial Revolution 200 years ago (XVIII century) in England, which was the most developed country in the world for that time. Distinguished thinkers developed theories of international trade, which have survived all this time because they are right and consistent. These theories are based on what is called the principle of
comparative advantage. According to them, each country should be devoted to producing those products which are better prepared than others. If a country has a highly educated and trained people, surely must be devoted to the production of high-tech products such as electronics. If you have a great shelf should develop fishing and if you have a climate with special conditions, could grow grapes for wine making.

Of this forma, If each country if a dedication Produce where it has more comparative advantage can export their surplus production, and foreign exchange earnings, import all other goods it needs for consumption. So at the end of World All Consumers benefit in itself because you HAVE Each dedication Where Produce mayor and Efficiency, therefore, a Lower Costs.

THE IMPORTANCE OF GLOBALIZATION

 It is very beneficial, and that through the advances are many benefits that have made ​​the great people and great characters of history every day that passes increases more technology and progress. globalization depends on many people so you can get a more Amanza society and better people and have a better quality of life. So we get a society that is very beneficial and very productive.

Stock Markets

Stock market: a set of mechanisms that connect the buyers and sellers of securities that have registration in the National Registry of Securities and Intermediaries and traded. This market is part of the financial system and the resources therein are captured by the issuer directly to investors, for which the securities representing debt or capital fractionated and placed through the stock exchange, so that each investor acquires certain liabilities or capital represented by a negotiable instrument, which confers rights on their investment.

Stock Exchanges
the origin of the Exchange as an institution dates from the late fifteenth century medieval fairs in Western Europe. In this exhibition began the practice of securities transactions and securities. The term "bag" appeared in Bruges, Belgium, particularly in the banking family Van burl, in whose palace was organized securities market. In 1460 the Exchange was established in Antwerp, which was the only major market in the modern sense. Subsequently, the London Stock Exchange created in 1570, in 1595 the Lyon, France and in 1792 New York, marking the first in the Americas. These were consolidated after the rise of corporations.

Stock Exchanges can be defined as organized and specialized markets in which securities transactions made ​​through authorized intermediaries, known as brokerage firms or Post Exchange. Bags offered to the public and its members the facilities, machinery and technical tools that facilitate the trading of securities subject to public offering, at prices determined by auction. Depending on when a title entering the market, these negotiations will transact on the primary market or secondary market.

HISTORY OF THE STOCK EXCHANGE

Stock Exchanges ca

nbe defined as organized and specialized markets in which securities transactions made ​​through authorized intermediaries, known as brokerage firms or Post Exchange. Bags offered to the public and its members the facilities, machinery and technical tools that facilitate the trading of securities subject to public offering, at prices determined by auction. Depending on when a title entering the market, these negotiations will transact on the primary market or secondary market.

ROLE

The main functions include the Stock Exchanges provide participants with accurate, objective, comprehensive and permanent valoréis companies registered in the stock, emissions and operations performed therein as well as oversee all activities in As for the strict adherence to regulations.
"It is a subsystem within the financial system and consists of a set of instruments or financial assets, financial institutions or intermediaries whose missions contact buyers and sellers in markets where different instruments are traded or financial assets.
-mating system of automatic processing of purchase orders and sales of securities listed on the Stock Exchange.

JEWELS OF THE STOCK MARKET:

-An innovative way to access securities trading nationally and internationally, without the need for large capital, or have sophisticated accounts abroad.
"These are securities that give their holders the benefits of a trust consisting of a portfolio of bonds denominated in Bolivars and issued by the Republic.

-PEARLS

Shares are tradable investment trust in international bonds of the Republic, but issued in U.S. $
Like its predecessors, are equity securities of an investment trust shares of nine international companies representing an equal number of global economic activities.

ACTIONS

Negotiable title character value that represents a percentage of ownership of the company issuing the title. / Share of capital of a corporation. / Who owns a share becomes part owner of the company. / The shares are issued by companies to raise capital.
The shares represented at the Caracas Stock Exchange are divided as follows:

Joint Action: Basic form of ownership of a corporation, which generally gives a shareholder vote. Is itself a title representative of the shareholder contribution to capital of the company, possessing the same characteristics and granting equal rights to its holders.

Golden Share: The name of this so that action with special voting rights that give the holder a special power over other shareholders. This term applies especially to the shares held by some governments after privatization.

Registered share: It is issued to the owner, which may be transferable to the delivery of the action to be duly endorsed by the holder.

Preferred stock: Title representative of shareholder capital contribution to society that gives its owner certain privileges, whether on voting, on the dividend to be collected or on the share of the assets upon liquidation.

The Caja Venezolana de Valores has as its primary mission the provision of clearing and settlement services for those securities registered in the country's stock market traded and OTC (the movement of the ownership of the securities), custody and managing them, using their resources optimally to meet the needs of a stock market free, responsive, transparent, competitive, self-regulating, with the ability to adapt to technological change and trade, ensuring reliability.
Subsequently, the service provided for the settlement of securities transactions and OTC (the movement of means of payment).
It is a private entity with legal personality, legally established on 23 April 1992 with the Commercial Register of the First Judicial District of the Federal District and Miranda State, created by the stock exchanges established in the country, Financial Institutions, Companies Insurance, Reinsurance, Securities Companies and Intermediaries Issuers who have different interests but consistent about the need to promote an efficient stock market.
In recent years, the Venezuelan securities market has evolved significantly and to improve efficiency, transparency and minimize the risk to holders of Securities, legal reacted with improvements such as the enactment of the Box Securities Act on Collective Investment Institutions and the establishment of legal rules for Risk Assessment and Mutual Funds; technologically with the launch of the Automated System for Securities Transactions (SATB), most recently with the establishment of a new Electronic Stock Exchange of Venezuela and structurally with the creation of the CVV Caja Venezolana de Valores, This positions the Venezuelan market as a market securities more attractive to foreign investors.
For the successful implementation of the CVV Caja Venezolana de Valores, a set of recommendations that were the result of working groups such as the so-called "Group of Thirty," the conclusions of the sub-Committee on Clearing and Settlement of the Iberoamerican Federation of Stock Exchanges "FIABV" and conclusions of the study commissioned by Citibank regarding the market.
On 20 November 1996, the board of the National Securities Commission Resolution No. 285-96 authorized the creation and operation of the CVV Caja Venezolana de Valores and the November 29, 1996, begins operations with equity securities, with the CANTV. the first title transferred value through CVV Caja Venezolana de Valores.

VENEZUELAN CASE VALUES

"These are instruments issued by the Venezuelan State to meet its payment obligations and investment in the public sector. These instruments allow the Venezuelan state to obtain the required capital through the offering of a competitive performance to attract potential investors who wish to channel their savings through this market. In the case of VEBONO, the Venezuelan State has used these instruments to pay a debt owed to the university teachers, funded through the issuance of such instruments. Bonds of National Public Debt is long-term instruments whose duration may vary according to the Venezuelan state estimate (in the case of the term of the instrument VEBONO is 3.5 and 4 years respectively). During this period the debt bonds typically pay interest every three (3) months, six (6) months or a year (in the case of VEBONO, they will pay the interest after three (3) months). This type of investment income ensures a continuous cash to its holder, until the expiration of term debt, the date on which the Venezuelan state refunded to the instrument holder, the amount of capital (100%) that it represents.
• The price of a VEBONO be determined by the Financial Market and will depend on investor preferences and expectations, the amount of money you have the financial market to invest and the expected coupon VEBONO pay, among others. Also influence the political and economic environment that affect the number of buyers and sellers. Because VEBONO are not equal to cash, but they represent an economic value, should be treated differently from a deposit account money, ie can not be deposited in one account. The VEBONO are electronic bearer securities. Thus, the Republic has signed an agreement with the Fund Venezolana de Valores (CVV) to be the company that manages the sole custody of such instruments to all holders and preserve its ownership control to avoid any fraudulent act.

NATURAL PERSONS	LEGAL PERSONS
Administrative Staff University Teaching Staff	Savings

The bonds are backed by the Republic and therefore are considered debt
Sovereign, zero risk. This debt is a budgetary priority in public spending. On the other hand, VEBONO are electronically recorded in the account of customers in the CVV, the Central Bank of Venezuela. Importantly, people should not buy or sell
VEBONO in physical form without ensuring that the electronic custody has been transferred correctly from one to another fork, otherwise the Republic shall not pay interest or capital to the right fork.

Currency:
The coin is a piece of a resilient material, usually metal coined in a disk, used as a measure of exchange (money) for legal or intrinsic value and unit of account. Also called currency to the lawful currency of a State. The science is called Numismatics coins. 

Barter
these goods as payment was found that practices were not as many were perishable, and were difficult to accumulate. As solutions soon were replaced by objects or materials made ​​of precious metals. These precious metals took many forms depending on location, for example blocks (slabs), rings, plates, powder, knives, knives, and for practical reasons of uniformity and circular shape was adopted in the form of discs of different sizes, but easily transportable First coin
The first coins were minted in an official capacity in Lydia (now Turkey), a town in Asia Minor, roughly between 680 and 560 BC C. It was probably during the reign of Ardis Lydia when the Lydians began minting coins, although some numismatists have proposed earlier or later, as the reign of Gyges of Lydia Croesus or "opulent.” The semints are like a lion heraldic symbol representing the dynasty to which they belonged Mermnada kings. The piece was minted in electro (natural alloy of gold and silver) and a weight of 4.75 grams and a value of one third of Stater.

In Mohenjodaro, now in Pakistan, have found coins dating from 2900 a. C. The American historian Will Durant says that "coins have been found older than the Lydian Croesus (570-546 BC) in Mohenjo-daro, circa 2900 BC.” He adds that "Sennacheribking of Assyria (c. 700 BC) minted half-shekel.”
In China, the region of the ancient kingdom of Mexamerica in 1979 and 1980 were discovered apparently some coins dating from the Mesolithic period, ie have been minted before the year 5000 a. c.

History
As early as 1100 BCE circulating in China miniature bronze knives, axes and other tools used to replace real tools that served as a medium of exchange. The coins made​​ with an alloy of gold and silver first appeared in the sixth century BC in the district of Lydia in Asia Minor, who was at that time a major industrial and commercial country. This money was genuinely material money whose value was determined by their content of precious metals. Coins proliferated rapidly in all developed countries of the world. Monarchs and aristocrats, cities and institutions began to mint money with your identification label to certify the authenticity of the cash value of the currency.

Some of the earliest coins were very stable composition, as is the case of the drachma issued in Athens in the sixth century BC, containing around 65-67 grams of pure silver, round or China's currency, "qian "Copper, which appeared in the fourth century and which remained the official currency for two thousand years. However, the coins always limaban or trimmed to get the precious metal contained at the authorities that issued them were tempted to lower the minting ensuring short-term benefits by reducing the precious metal content. Low-quality coins made ​​of bronze or copper were, in fact fiat money whose value depended mainly on the number of coins of gold or copper which could be exchanged. The gold and silver coins used to travel outside the country that issued as its intrinsic value, so the Spanish silver peso, whose material came from the mines of Peru and Mexico, became a commonly used currency in China From the sixteenth century.

Once created, the coins originated a monetary system whose features have remainedessentially constant for millennia, one of the changes it has endured was the introduction in the XVII century European currencies, the grooves on the edges to avoid limasen. Paper money was first introduced in China around the ninth century; as cash exchanged for certificates issued to the government of the Tang Dynasty by private banks. Backed by the powerful Chinese state authority, the money retained its value throughout the empire, thus avoiding the need to transport the heavy silver. Become a state monopoly under the Song Dynasty, paper currency has survived throughout China's history despite the disruption caused by political changes and that the issuance of paper money not backed or silver or other reservations. The problem of depreciation made, thereafter, be maintained as standard silver Chinese exchange for important transactions. Paper money first appeared in the West in the sixteenth century, when it began to issue notes by the banks to support the monetary deposits of their customers.This change means proliferated and the French colonial authorities of Canada used playing cards signed by the governor promise to pay since 1685, since the sending of money from France was very slow.
Paper money was becoming popular throughout the eighteenth century, but was still money to be issued credit to back the deposits of gold or silver. Fiat money, when it arose, was usually an emergency measure for wartime, as the papyrus (greenback) Americans. Private Banks were gradually replaced by central banks as issuers of paper money. In the late nineteenth century the value of gold fall brought about the creation of an international gold standard in which all currencies could be exchanged for gold and the value of money (rather than price) was fixed by the parity of the currency in gold. Almost every government suspended the convertibility of their currencies during World War I, lost all interest in re-entering the international gold standard after the Great Depression. Britain abandoned the gold standard in 1931 andthe transformation of the global fiat currency with values ​​set entirely by market demand resulted in the abandonment of U.S. dollar link in 1971.

Name of currencies
the coins take their names from various sources.

1.The author, for example, CRESI stater of Croesus, the dáricos, medals Persian Darius, the Philippi, Philip of Macedonia. Similarly, mention the Filippeos the Antonines, Aurelian, valerian, Constantinos, etc., as the latest Plush, Louis, Pugs, Julius

2.of the image are printed: bos, or owl noctua, currency Athenian testudo thePeloponnese; homéreos of Smyrna with the picture of Homer with the boat ratiti;victoriati the Roman with the image of victory bigati, quadrigati, the biga or chariot.And among the moderns, the columnarias, florins, ducats, the Ambrosino, shields.Cistóforos appear in magistrates or priests of Bacchus, Ceres, Proserpina with basket of Bacchus: this name came after carrying all types Bacchic and Eleusinian, wreaths of ivy, snakes in the basket or out and are also in some Roman families such as Antonia and Claudia

3. Site: Æginæi, the Aegina, etc., the same happens to the middle Ages Besants to Colombia and the Italian genovinas.

4. Mode of manufacture, v. gr. is seriously in high volume and weight; Serrati or ientati, those edges appearing squares. In this class there are many facts assuming family money to prevent counterfeiting. If so, why not chose the penny and the quinary? In addition, the kings of Syria made ​​the cut copper coins; there are therefore no risks of forgery. Some judges have cut the coins of one type and not those of another cut. The oldest are from the year 564 of Rome, the most recent year 655

5. Weight as the drachma, the mite, the stater of the Greeks, the shekel of the Hebrews, the pond or the ace of the Romans and the modern book, taken from the old. Fort theGreek drachma was unity and called didrachma, tetradrachms, which were worth two or four drachmas. Was effective currency of Attica, Aegina, and Corinth, Egypt. The mites were the sixth of the coin; the silver stater amounted to tetra drachms. The mine, a hundred drachmas equal talent, equal to sixty mines were effective exchange

Coinage
After the experience of Lydia began minting coins in order of Darius of Persia, after the conquest of Lydia, in China and later in Greece, to be finally adopted by all peoples.
Its name comes from the Latin "moneta", because the house where they were mintedin Rome was attached to the temple of the goddess Juno Moneta Juno callers or, being this activity under their protection. In this place where is the minting of coins is known by the name of "mint" or "mint.”

Form of issue and its evolution
the earliest coins were small metal disks (it is called "blank") in which was printed by ablow to a die engraved (Seal) a mark on one side (front). These coins are called"incus" and are characterized because they have the same image on both sides: on are lief and the other at recess.
Time passes and no large changes in the coinage systems until it reaches the Renaissance, at which breakthroughs are achieved.

·         Leonardo Da Vinci made ​​studies on the manufacture of coins and tried to replace thehot hammered coins extracted from metal ingots by cutting flat metal disks, tape and prepared with the desired thickness. Met in a single machine, using special punches, both cutting and mint for the Mint Vatican.

·         In 1553, a German engineer named Brücher designed two machines that came torevolutionize the manufacture of currency.

·    

French press wheel, used by the Royal Mint of Spain in the nineteenth century.
The two machines were:

·         A rolling mill mill mill powered by a sheet metal getting a constant thickness when the ingot was repeatedly passed between two metal cylinders drive.

•  A machine called a windlass or flyer press coined by the inertia of the flywheel had to move on the underside of the seal was fixed and the top was interchangeable.

After this period, no major change until the nineteenth century when in 1830 the Swiss engineer Jean Pierre Droz invented the game ferrule system, which was achieved by wedging the two sides of the coin at a time and singing.
The coinage of the song was a major factor and avoiding the theft of metal by means of cuts. As discussed above in ancient coins bore the stamp on both sides and the King assured the weight of the metal of the coin. The form of theft was to cut the flanges andthus raise the metal to be cut out of several coins to coin a new.

Classification coins

the coins are subject to different classifications:

•   Incus are those parts that have only raised one hand and the other a concave artisticor rude. The figure is globosa and report back a concave or Hollow Square which is then recorded perhaps highlighted symbols or images, others seem harsh and sometimes weight on the back is the same representation of the front, or something similar but concave. The first Asia and Greece belong to the latter Superior to all ofMagna Grecia remotest reputed date and believing that they stopped before half-century before J. V C. Of these coins are not brass or for cities to cease to exist before the introduction of the two reliefs. Must therefore be assumed after the silver with a double relief. Some appear so by neglect of the purse that she forgot to lift the pieceand coined, thus proving that the concave-convex, and with the same type on both sides.

•  Refuse or resealed, called those in which the stamp was minted double default.Sometimes they have resealed for wanting to substitute a different impression, and because the prince was going quickly to the other, and designed to change its value or become a foreign country's currency. Almost the same genuses are countermarks to which was added after a stamp smaller than the type: this was done for those reasons or to devote to a temporary use to serve as the ticket of entry into certain shows.

•   Refunds or restitution, are the currencies of a Roman emperor, struck by order of his successor. Trajan renewed often preceding types of Claudio Augusto and Galba perhaps as a sign of affection. Known by the letters REST, ignoring the real reason for this fact.

• Jacketed or bracteates are those in which the soul of bronze or lead is covered with a sheet of silver or gold, to falsify.

• Sausages those where you see the face of a medal and the back of another, foldedor welded together by forgers.

•     Deleted, which have spent the coin. There are some whose type is not printed but at the center of a large circle, sometimes of gold, and have a ring for hanging. Others have an outline of the finest metal since been coined before, so that the type available to them.

• There are also gold in whole or in part, as the crown or the title, convex on one side and concave on the other by way of glass, particularly the Byzantine and middle Ages given name skiffs.

• Autonomous and regal. Autonomous are a town or city without indication coined subject to no king or other people. The cities and free nations put their name on them, as ΣTPA or ΣSTPAKOΣIOΣ or ΣTPAKOIΩN. Kings African National Sicily, the rest of Europe, not allowed to put more names than yours. In Rome, the consuls and time of Augustus, the judges reserved to those who could put their purses. The letters SC (Senates consultants) who are on copper coins of the imperial era, led to suspect that he coined was attribution of the Senate but others deny this and claim that it was just a sign to indicate they had been minted in Rome. The right to place his name on the medals is preserved in many regions even after subjected to Rome so that is not there any trace of attachment.

•  Informal coins were titrated to a town or city witnessed its dependence on the king or emperor, their number seems to conclude with Gallienus.

•  The royal are those that show the dependence. There are few European kings and forAfricans alone, while Asian kings abound, beginning with Alexander of Macedonia. However, many of the ancient Macedonian monarchs do not bear the title of head without BAΣAETΣ and it seems that the first to put his likeness on them were Gelon, Genon and other tyrants of Syracuse. The successors of Alexander put an effigy of him and perhaps also that of their ancestors.

Improperly placed between the contoured coins. Some mistake the double metal medallions, ie, outlined by a border of metal itself are thinner but bronze medals large module with a circular groove around the edge, where they are often blood. It is knownthat this groove was made ​​later because sometimes cuts to enrollment. Is subtle and often awkward disagreeing the front of the back? They number incuse stamps, especially the palm branch and the monogram £ or R reverse, it is in recess and sometimes silver filling. There is no time: it seems that only minted by private authority and served for racing and circuses.

Functions of currencies
the functions of the currencies are closely related to the functions of money (which is what they represent) that are passed on to detail:

• A measure of value: a measure of value because the value of things can be represented by the units it represents.

•  Instrument for direct purchase, as it allows acquisition of any asset in terms of its value.

•     Instrument debt relief, because it has a full settlement of the same strength tobecome a legally recognized method of payment.

•    Half of hoarding of wealth: you can treasure for future needs because it retains itsvalue indefinitely.

Currency as payment
the characteristics of the currency as payment, can be summarized as follows:

•   The great value it represents in relation to its weight and volume.

•   Unanimous recognition as a means of payment to prevent judge of quality.

• Your separability that allows split its value in perpetuity.

The difficulty of counterfeiting that prevents the movement of a payment that is not properly controlled, since each country has adopted only one coin at a time.

Characteristics of the coins
The coin has a number of intrinsic characteristics that is important to know the purpose of being able to fix the relationship with other currencies that circulate both within the same state as in other countries.

     * Materials used
     * Title, fine or law
     * League
     * Foot
     * the size
     * Tolerance
     * Shrinkage
     * Value
     * monetary Parity